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Because these findings came from controlled PBMC experiments, their relevance to whole organisms remains uncertain

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But that peripheral-only action means it does not suppress appetite, does not change energy expenditure through central pathways, and does not produce the dramatic caloric deficits that GLP-1 agonists like semaglutide or tirzepatide create

Some studies have suggested that the proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) are the root causes of follicular development and atresia, with forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) playing an important role in promoting PCOS follicular atresia and GCs apoptosis (162, 163)