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They framed the gutbrain axis as a dynamic bidirectional signaling network whose dysregulation underlies a broad spectrum of neurogastrointestinal diseases, positioning EVs as key mediators of intercellular communication and promising non-invasive biomarkers Derived from both host and microbial cells, EVs carry bioactive cargo, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites, that reflects the physiological or pathological state of their origin and can traverse biological barriers such as the bloodbrain barrier
GLP-1 drugs, a class of obesity and diabetes medications that includes Ozempic, Wegovy, Zepbound, and Mounjaro, are known to produce significant weight loss
Intrinsic factor is a heavily glycosylated protein that is homologous to haptocorrin
One of the most powerful antioxidants naturally produced in the body, as it protects virtually every tissue
Recent studies have increasingly focused on the potential therapeutic role of metformin in liver fibrosis 59,60,61
