Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 114 , 104665
GLP-1Rs are expressed in the pancreas, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, myocardium, adipose tissue, kidney, liver, blood vessels, lungs and in the CNS.2,3 Although GLP-1 is known for its incretin effect, which it shares with glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), the intake-regulating action, essential for its efficacy against obesity, occurs through its interaction with receptors located in the CNS.1,5 The GLP-1 peptide can reach the central nervous system (CNS) via peripheral vagal afferents, which transmit its action through the nodose ganglion to the nucleus tactus solitarius (NTS)
367,520 Duloxetine relieves pain by increasing the synaptic availability of serotonin and norepinephrine in descending pathways, enhancing endogenous pain modulation
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